Which Two Animals Have The Same Type Of Skeletal System?

Office of the body that forms the supporting construction

This article is well-nigh skeletons in general. For the human being skeleton, run into Human skeleton.

Skeleton
A equus caballus and human skeleton placed in a display in the Australian Museum, Sydney.
Details
Identifiers
Greek	σκελετός
MeSH	D012863
TA98	A02.0.00.000
TA2	352
FMA	2021
Anatomical terminology [edit on Wikidata]

A skeleton is a structural frame that supports an animal body.^[ane] There are several different skeletal types: the exoskeleton, which is the stable outer shell of an organism, the endoskeleton, which forms the support structure inside the torso, and the hydroskeleton, a flexible skeleton supported past fluid pressure.^{[ clarification needed ]} The term comes from Greek σκελετός (skeletós) 'dried up'.^[2]

Types of skeletons [edit]

There are two major types of skeletons: solid and fluid. Solid skeletons can exist internal, called an endoskeleton, or external, called an exoskeleton, and may be further classified as pliant (elastic/movable) or rigid (hard/non-movable).^[3] Fluid skeletons are always internal.

Exoskeleton [edit]

Exoskeletons are external, and are plant in many invertebrates; they enclose and protect the soft tissues and organs of the body. Some kinds of exoskeletons undergo periodic moulting or ecdysis as the animal grows, every bit is the instance in many arthropods including insects and crustaceans.

The exoskeleton of insects is not only a form of protection, just also serves as a surface for musculus attachment, as a watertight protection against drying, and as a sense organ to interact with the surround. The shell of mollusks likewise performs all of the same functions, except that in nigh cases it does not contain sense organs.

An external skeleton can be quite heavy in relation to the overall mass of an animal, and so on country, organisms that take an exoskeleton are mostly relatively small. Somewhat larger aquatic animals tin can support an exoskeleton considering weight is less of a consideration underwater. The southern giant mollusk, a species of extremely big saltwater mollusk in the Pacific Ocean, has a shell that is massive in both size and weight. Syrinx aruanus is a species of sea snail with a very big shell.

Endoskeleton [edit]

The endoskeleton is the internal support structure of an animal, composed of mineralized tissue and is typical of vertebrates.^[four] Endoskeletons vary in complexity from functioning purely for back up (as in the example of sponges), to serving every bit an zipper site for muscles and a mechanism for transmitting muscular forces. A true endoskeleton is derived from mesodermal tissue. Such a skeleton is present in echinoderms and chordates.

Pliant skeletons [edit]

Pliant skeletons are capable of motility; thus, when stress is practical to the skeletal construction, it deforms and and so reverts to its original shape. This skeletal structure is used in some invertebrates, for instance in the hinge of bivalve shells or the mesoglea of cnidarians such as jellyfish. Pliant skeletons are benign because only muscle contractions are needed to bend the skeleton; upon musculus relaxation, the skeleton will return to its original shape. Cartilage is 1 material that a pliant skeleton may be equanimous of, only nigh pliant skeletons are formed from a mixture of proteins, polysaccharides, and water.^[iii] For boosted structure or protection, pliant skeletons may be supported by rigid skeletons. Organisms that accept pliant skeletons typically live in water, which supports body structure in the absence of a rigid skeleton.^[5]

Rigid skeletons [edit]

Rigid skeletons are not capable of movement when stressed, creating a strong support system most common in terrestrial animals. Such a skeleton type used by animals that live in water are more for protection (such every bit barnacle and snail shells) or for fast-moving animals that require boosted support of musculature needed for pond through water. Rigid skeletons are formed from materials including chitin (in arthropods), calcium compounds such every bit calcium carbonate (in stony corals and mollusks) and silicate (for diatoms and radiolarians).

Fluid skeletons [edit]

Hydrostatic skeleton (hydroskeleton) [edit]

A hydrostatic skeleton is a semi-rigid, soft tissue structure filled with liquid under force per unit area, surrounded by muscles. Longitudinal and circular muscles around their body sectors let movement by alternate lengthening and contractions along their lengths. Common examples be in both bilaterians (some less advanced ones) and cnidarians, implying a common antecedent having it.

Cytoskeleton [edit]

The cytoskeleton (cyto- meaning cell^{[half dozen]}) is used to stabilize and preserve the form of the cells. Information technology is a dynamic structure that maintains cell shape, protects the cell, enables cellular motion (using structures such every bit flagella, cilia and lamellipodia), and plays important roles in both intracellular transport (the motility of vesicles and organelles, for example) and cellular division. Despite beingness called a "skeleton", the give-and-take's usage is commonly more restricted to animals who have them as, for example, a constitute cell has cell wall and fluid filled vacuole within which provide a structural framework even though they aren't called together a hydroskeleton.

Organisms with skeletons [edit]

Invertebrates [edit]

The endoskeletons of echinoderms and some other soft-bodied invertebrates such as jellyfish and earthworms are as well termed hydrostatic; a trunk crenel the coelom is filled with coelomic fluid and the pressure from this fluid acts together with the surrounding muscles to alter the organism's shape and produce move.

Sponges [edit]

The skeleton of sponges consists of microscopic calcareous or silicious spicules. The demosponges include xc% of all species of sponges. Their "skeletons" are made of spicules consisting of fibers of the poly peptide spongin, the mineral silica, or both. Where spicules of silica are present, they take a different shape from those in the otherwise similar drinking glass sponges.^[7]

Echinoderms [edit]

The skeleton of the echinoderms, which include, among other things, the starfish, is composed of calcite and a small-scale corporeality of magnesium oxide. Information technology lies below the epidermis in the mesoderm and is inside prison cell clusters of frame-forming cells. This structure formed is porous and therefore firm and at the same time light. Information technology coalesces into pocket-sized calcareous ossicles (bony plates), which can grow in all directions and thus can replace the loss of a torso part. Connected by joints, the individual skeletal parts can be moved by the muscles.

Vertebrates [edit]

In most vertebrates, the main skeletal component is bone.^[4] Bones compose a unique skeletal system for each blazon of creature. Another important component is cartilage which in mammals is establish mainly in the articulation areas. In other animals, such as the cartilaginous fishes, which include the sharks, the skeleton is composed entirely of cartilage. The segmental pattern of the skeleton is nowadays in all vertebrates, mammals, birds, fish, reptiles and amphibians) with basic units beingness repeated.^{[viii] [ix]} This segmental blueprint is particularly axiomatic in the vertebral column and the ribcage.

Bones in addition to supporting the trunk also serve, at the cellular level, every bit calcium and phosphate storage.

Fish [edit]

The skeleton, which forms the support construction inside the fish is either fabricated of cartilage as in the (Chondrichthyes), or bones as in the (Osteichthyes). The main skeletal chemical element is the vertebral column, composed of articulating vertebrae which are lightweight nonetheless potent. The ribs attach to the spine and at that place are no limbs or limb girdles. They are supported only past the muscles. The main external features of the fish, the fins, are composed of either bony or soft spines called rays which, with the exception of the caudal fin (tail fin), have no direct connection with the spine. They are supported by the muscles which compose the chief part of the trunk.

Birds [edit]

The bird skeleton is highly adapted for flying. Information technology is extremely lightweight, however still strong enough to withstand the stresses of taking off, flying, and landing. I key accommodation is the fusing of bones into unmarried ossifications, such as the pygostyle. Because of this, birds ordinarily have a smaller number of bones than other terrestrial vertebrates. Birds also lack teeth or fifty-fifty a truthful jaw, instead having evolved a pecker, which is far more than lightweight. The beaks of many baby birds have a projection chosen an egg tooth, which facilitates their go out from the amniotic egg.

Marine mammals [edit]

To facilitate the move of marine mammals in h2o, the hind legs were either lost altogether, as in the whales and manatees, or united in a single tail fin as in the pinnipeds (seals). In the whale, the cervical vertebrae are typically fused, an adaptation trading flexibility for stability during swimming. ^[x]

Humans [edit]

The skeleton consists of both fused and private bones supported and supplemented by ligaments, tendons, muscles and cartilage. It serves as a scaffold which supports organs, anchors muscles, and protects organs such every bit the encephalon, lungs, heart and spinal cord. Although the teeth exercise not consist of tissue ordinarily found in bones, the teeth are usually considered as members of the skeletal system.^[11] The biggest bone in the body is the femur in the upper leg, and the smallest is the stapes os in the middle ear. In an developed, the skeleton comprises around xiii.1% of the total torso weight,^[12] and one-half of this weight is water.

Fused basic include those of the pelvis and the cranium. Not all basic are interconnected directly: There are three bones in each middle ear called the ossicles that articulate merely with each other. The hyoid bone, which is located in the neck and serves as the point of attachment for the tongue, does not articulate with any other bones in the body, existence supported by muscles and ligaments.

There are 206 bones in the adult human skeleton, although this number depends on whether the pelvic basic (the hip bones on each side) are counted as one or three basic on each side (ilium, ischium, and pubis), whether the coccyx or tail bone is counted equally ane or four dissever bones, and does not count the variable wormian basic between skull sutures. Similarly, the sacrum is usually counted as a single os, rather than 5 fused vertebrae. There is also a variable number of small sesamoid bones, normally found in tendons. The patella or kneecap on each side is an example of a larger sesamoid os. The patellae are counted in the total, as they are abiding. The number of bones varies between individuals and with historic period – newborn babies have over 270 bones some of which fuse together.^{[ citation needed ]} These basic are organized into a longitudinal axis, the axial skeleton, to which the appendicular skeleton is attached.^[thirteen]

The man skeleton takes 20 years earlier it is fully developed, and the bones contain marrow, which produces blood cells.

There exist several general differences between the male person and female person skeletons. The male skeleton, for example, is mostly larger and heavier than the female skeleton. In the female person skeleton, the bones of the skull are generally less athwart. The female person skeleton also has wider and shorter breastbone and slimmer wrists. In that location exist significant differences betwixt the male and female pelvis which are related to the female's pregnancy and childbirth capabilities. The female person pelvis is wider and shallower than the male pelvis. Female pelvises likewise take an enlarged pelvic outlet and a wider and more circular pelvic inlet. The angle betwixt the pubic basic is known to be sharper in males, which results in a more round, narrower, and virtually centre-shaped pelvis.^{[14] [15]}

Parts [edit]

Bone [edit]

Main article: Bone

Bones are rigid organs that class function of the endoskeleton of vertebrates. They function to move, support, and protect the various organs of the trunk, produce red and white blood cells and store minerals. Bone tissue is a blazon of dumbo connective tissue. Bones have a variety of shapes with a complex internal and external structure they are also lightweight, yet strong and difficult. One of the types of tissue that makes up os tissue is mineralized tissue and this gives it rigidity and a honeycomb-like iii-dimensional internal structure. Other types of tissue found in basic include marrow, endosteum and periosteum, nerves, blood vessels and cartilage.

[edit]

These bones, primarily formed separately in subcutaneous tissues, include headgears (such as bony core of horns, antlers, and ossicones), osteoderm, and bone penis/ os clitoris.^[16]

Cartilage [edit]

During embryonic evolution the forerunner to bone development is cartilage that more often than not becomes replaced past bone, later on flesh such equally muscle has formed around it. Cartilage is a strong and inflexible connective tissue plant in many areas including the joints betwixt bones, the rib muzzle, the ear, the nose, the elbow, the articulatio genus, the ankle, the bronchial tubes and the intervertebral discs. It is not as hard and rigid as bone but is stiffer and less flexible than muscle.

Cartilage is composed of specialized cells called chondrocytes that produce a large corporeality of extracellular matrix composed of Blazon Ii collagen (except fibrocartilage which also contains type I collagen) fibers, abundant footing substance rich in proteoglycans, and elastin fibers. Cartilage is classified in iii types, rubberband cartilage, hyaline cartilage and fibrocartilage, which differ in the relative amounts of these three chief components.

Dissimilar other connective tissues, cartilage does not contain blood vessels. The chondrocytes are supplied past improvidence, helped by the pumping action generated by compression of the articular cartilage or flexion of the rubberband cartilage. Thus, compared to other connective tissues, cartilage grows and repairs more slowly.

Ligament [edit]

A ligament is a piece of rubbery tissue that connects bone to other bone.^[17] Information technology is ordinarily confused with the tendon, a like structure that connects musculus to bone.

Tendon [edit]

A tendon is a rubber-ring like tissue that connects muscle to bone. It is not to be confused with the ligament, a like tissue that connects bone to bone.

Run across also [edit]

• Bonesetter
• Endochondral ossification
• Intramembranous ossification
• Exoskeleton
• Osteoblast
• Osteometric points
• Skeletal system of the equus caballus

References [edit]

1. ^ Hamilton, William James; Manton, Sidnie M. (2001). "Skeleton". Encyclopedia Britannica (online ed.). Retrieved 25 December 2020.
2. ^ "skeleton". Mish 2014, p. 1167 harvnb fault: no target: CITEREFMish2014 (aid).
3. ^ ^{a b} Ruppert, Trick & Barnes 2003, p. 102.
4. ^ ^{a b} de Buffrénil, Vivian; de Ricqlès, Armand J; Zylberberg, Louise; Padian, Kevin; Laurin, Michel; Quilhac, Alexandra (2021). Vertebrate skeletal histology and paleohistology (Firstiton ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Printing. pp. xii + 825. ISBN978-1351189576.
5. ^ Pechenik 2015.^{[ page needed ]}
6. ^ "cyt- or cyto-". Mish 2014, p. 312 harvnb fault: no target: CITEREFMish2014 (help).
7. ^ Barnes, Play tricks & Barnes, pp. 105–6 harvnb mistake: no target: CITEREFBarnesFoxBarnes (aid).
8. ^ Barracks, Guillaume; Bardin, Jérémie (13 October 2021). "Segmental Series and Size: Clade-Broad Investigation of Molar Proportions Reveals a Major Evolutionary Allometry in the Dentition of Placental Mammals". Systematic Biology. 70 (half-dozen): 1101–1109. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syab007. PMID 33560370.
9. ^ Buffrénil, Vivian de; Quilhac, Alexandra (2021). "An Overview of the Embryonic Development of the Bony Skeleton". Vertebrate Skeletal Histology and Paleohistology. CRC Press: 29–38. doi:10.1201/9781351189590-2. ISBN9781351189590. S2CID 236422314.
10. ^ Bebej, Ryan M; Smith, Kathlyn Yard (17 March 2018). "Lumbar mobility in archaeocetes (Mammalia: Cetacea) and the evolution of aquatic locomotion in the earliest whales". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 182 (3): 695–721. doi:ten.1093/zoolinnean/zlx058. ISSN 0024-4082. Retrieved vii March 2022.
11. ^ "Skeletal Organisation: Facts, Function & Diseases". Live Science. Archived from the original on 7 March 2017. Retrieved 7 March 2017.
12. ^ Reynolds & Karlotski 1977, p. 161
13. ^ Tözeren 2000, pp. half-dozen–10.
14. ^ Balaban 2008, p. 61
15. ^ Stein 2007, p. 73.
16. ^ Nasoori, Alireza (2020). "Formation, construction, and office of extra‐skeletal bones in mammals". Biological Reviews. 95 (4): 986–1019. doi:x.1111/brv.12597. PMID 32338826. S2CID 216556342.
17. ^ Vorvick, Linda J. (13 August 2020). "Tendon vs. Ligament". A.D.A.M. Medical Encyclopedia. Ebix. Retrieved 6 August 2021 – via MedLinePlus.

Bibliography [edit]

• Balaban, Naomi (2008). The Handy Anatomy Answer Volume. Visible Ink Printing. ISBN978-i-57859-190-9.
• Forbes, R. M.; Mitchell, H. H.; Cooper, A. R. (1956). "Further studies on the gross limerick and mineral elements of the developed homo torso". Journal of Biological Chemistry. American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biological science. 223 (two): 969–75. doi:ten.1016/S0021-9258(18)65095-one. PMID 13385244.
• Mish, Frederick C., ed. (2003). Merriam-Webster'due south Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.). Merriam-Webster. ISBN978-0-87779-807-1.
• Nasoori, Alireza (2020). "Formation, structure, and function of extra‐skeletal bones in mammals". Biological Reviews. Cambridge Philosophical Society. 95 (four): 986–1019. doi:10.1111/brv.12597. PMID 32338826. S2CID 216556342.
• Pechenik, Jan A. (2015). Biological science of the Invertebrates (7th ed.). McGraw-Hill Pedagogy. ISBN978-0-07-352418-4.
• Reynolds, William W.; Karlotski, William J. (1977). "The Allometric Relationship of Skeleton Weight to Trunk Weight in Teleost Fishes: A Preliminary Comparison with Birds and Mammals". Copeia. American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists. 1977 (1): 160–3. doi:10.2307/1443520. JSTOR 1443520.
• Ruppert, Edward E.; Pull a fast one on, Richard S.; Barnes, Robert D. (2003). Invertebrate Zoology (7th ed.). Thomson, Brooks/Cole. ISBN978-0-03-025982-1.
• Stein, Lisa (2007). Body: The Consummate Human . National Geographic Society. ISBN978-ane-4262-0128-8.
• Tözeren, Aydın (2000). Man Torso Dynamics: Classical Mechanics and Human Movement. Springer. ISBN0-387-98801-vii.

External links [edit]

Media related to Skeletons at Wikimedia Eatables

• iii-D Viewer of a male American mastodon skeleton, with bones labelled, at the University of Michigan Mammutidae digital fossil repository
• Interactive views of various primate skeletons at eSkeletons.org (associated with the University of Texas at Austin

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeleton

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